The Vatican’s Policy in Kazakhstan in the Twenty-First Century: Religious Diplomacy and Geopolitical Strategies of Influence

This article examines the Holy See’s religious diplomacy in Kazakhstan in the twenty-first century and analyzes the Vatican’s evolving strategies of influence within the broader Eurasian context. The study focuses on how the Vatican advances its foreign policy objectives through the Roman Catholic Church in Kazakhstan’s religiously and culturally plural environment. The aim of the article is to identify the mechanisms and conditions through which the Vatican strengthens its presence and authority in the country. The relevance of this research arises from the growing prominence of religious actors in international relations and from Kazakhstan’s role as a platform for intercivilizational dialogue. The originality of the study lies in interpreting the Kazakhstani case as an example of an institutionalized partnership between a nation-state and a transnational religious organization.

Methodologically, the article draws on thematic and discourse analysis, a comparative approach, and an examination of official statements, documents, and materials related to papal visits, the activities of Catholic institutions, and interfaith forums. Particular attention is paid to the Vatican’s symbolic timing of papal visits in 2001 and 2022: each undertaken amid moments of global crisis.

The author concludes that the Vatican has pursued a consistent strategy aimed at deepening relations with Kazakhstan, viewing it as a key partner in Central Asia. This approach is reflected in the institutionalization of cooperation, the support of Catholic communities, participation in cultural and educational initiatives, and the religious legitimization of Kazakhstan as a “country of dialogue”. Papal visits serve not only as spiritual milestones but also as gestures of geopolitical significance. The findings underscore the increasing role of religion as an actor in international affairs and highlight Kazakhstan’s importance in global efforts to promote interfaith peace and cooperation.

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