The Monarchist (Black Hundred) Movement in Russia in 1905–1917
https://doi.org/10.53822/2712-9276-2021-4-84-108
Abstract
The emergence of right-wing parties in Russia came as a reaction of conservative-minded segments of the population to the development of the revolutionary movement. These parties stood up for the autocracy and had played a significant role in the events of 1905–1907. The monarchist movement united the representatives of all social classes and became the most mass political movement in Russia during the inter-revolutionary period. The blackhundredist ideology was very critical about the projects of both socialist and liberalbourgeois reconstruction of Russia. Relying on traditional political and moral (primarily Christian) values, it came up with its own version of the non-capitalist development of the country. At the same time, a prominent place in ideological constructions of the right-wing movement was given to the antisemitism, which seriously affected the political image of monarchists. After the victory over the revolution in 1905–1907, the political activity of the right-wing movement had significantly decreased, which was greatly facilitated by the government, whose interest did not include the existence of an unconventional political force seeking to restore the “pre-manifest” (absolutist) regime. The discord and squabbles in the monarchist camp, caused by the clash of personal ambitions of right-wing figures, the passive behaviour of the party masses, who saw no point in continuing the political activity after the revolutionary ‘turmoil’ had come to its end, as well as financial difficulties, had also played their role. The surge in the right-wing activity caused by the outbreak of the First World War did not change this trend in general. In February 1917, the small-numbered and scattered right-wing organizations, that had already been experiencing decline, failed to oppose the revolutionary storm and disappeared from the stage of history without a fight.
About the Author
I. V. Omeliyanchuk
Moscow City University
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Igor V. Omeliyanchuk — Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Department of National History, Moscow City University.
4, Vtoroy Selskohoziajstvenny proezd, Moscow, 129226
References
1. Geifman, A. (1997). Revoliutsionnyi terror v Rossii, 1894–1917 [Revolutionary Terror in Russia, 1894–1917]. Moscow: KRON-PRESS. [In Russian].
2. Zadonsky, V. (1904). Krest vo spasenie [Cross for Salvation]. Mirnyi trud, (8), 211–212. [In Russian].
3. Ivanov, A. A. (2011). Vladimir Purishkevich: Opyt biografii pravogo politika [Vladimir Purishkevich: Biography Experience of a Right-Wing Politician]. Moscow; Saint Petersburg: Al’ians-Arkheo. [In Russian].
4. Ivanov, A. A. (2016). “Revoliutsiia budet natsional’noiu…”: k voprosu o prichinakh stremitel’nogo porazheniia pravykh v 1917 godu [“The Revolution Will be National…”: To the Question of the Reasons for the Rapid Defeat of the Right in 1917]. In Revoliutsiia 1917 goda v Rossii: novye podkhody i vzgliady : sb. nauch. statei [Revolution of 1917 in Russia: New Approaches and Views. Collection of Research Articles] (pp. 27–33). Saint Petersburg: “ElekSis”. [In Russian].
5. Kir’ianov, Iu. I. (2001). Pravye partii. 1911–1917 gg. [Right-Wing Paries. 1911–1917]. Moscow: ROS-SPEN. [In Russian].
6. Kozhinov, V. V. (1995). Zagadochnye stranitsy istorii XX v. [Mysterious Pages of the History of the 20th Century]. Moscow: Prima V. [In Russian].
7. Levitsky, V. (1914). Pravye partii [Right-Wing Paries]. In Obshchestvennoe dvizhenie v Rossii v nachale XX v. [Social Movement in Russia at the Beginning of the 20th Century] (Vol. 3, ed. 5, pp. 347–469). Saint Petersburg: Tip. t-va “Obshchestvennaia pol’za”. [In Russian].
8. Lenin, V. I. (1962). Complete Works (Vol. 27. August 1915 — June 1916). Moscow: Gospolitiz-dat. [In Russian].
9. Leonov, S. V. (1999). Partiinaia sistema Rossii (konets XIX — 1917) [The Party System of Russia (late 19th–1917)]. Voprosy istorii, (11–12), 29–48. [In Russian].
10. Maikov, A. (1907). Revoliutsionery i chernosotentsy [Revolutionaries and Black Hundreds]. Saint Petersburg: Otechestv. tip. [In Russian].
11. Markov, N. E. (2011). Dumskie rechi. Voiny temnykh sil [Duma Spe-eches. Dark Forces Wars]. Moscow: In-t russkoi tsivilizatsii. [In Russian].
12. Padenie tsarskogo rezhima: stenograficheskie otchety doprosov i pokazanii, dannykh v 1917 g. v Chrezvychainoi sledstvennoi komissii Vremennogo pravitel’stva [The Fall of the Tsarist Regime: Verbatim Records of Interrogations and Testimony Given in 1917 at the Extraordinary Investigative Commission of the Provisional Government] (Vol. VI). (1926). Moscow; Leningrad: Gos. izd-vo. [In Russian].
13. Perepiska i drugie dokumenty pravykh 1911 goda [Correspondence and Other Documents of the Right-Wingers of the Year 1911]. (1998). Voprosy is-torii, (10), 94–110. [In Russian].
14. Postanovleniia Vserossiiskogo s”ezda SRN i primykaiushchikh k nemu organizatsii. 25 noiabria — 1 dekabria 1911 g. v g. Moskve [Resolutions of the All-Russian Congress of the URP and Organizations Adjoining It. November 25 — December 1, 1911 in Moscow]. (1912). Saint Petersburg. [In Russian].
15. Pravye i konstitutsionnye monarkhisty v Rossii v 1907–1908 gg [Right-Wing and Constitutional Monarchists in Russia in 1907–1908]. (1997). Voprosy istorii, (6), 94–110. [In Russian].
16. Pravye partii: dokumenty i materialy 1905–1917 gg. : v 2 t [Right-Wing Parties: Documents and Materials of 1905–1917. In 2 vol.] (Vol. 1). (1998). Moscow: ROSSPEN. [In Russian].
17. Soiuz Russkogo Naroda [Union of the Russian People]. (1906). Moscow. [In Russian].
18. Soiuz Russkogo Naroda po materialam chrezvychainoi sledstven-noi komissii Vremennogo pravitel’stva 1917 g [Union of the Russian People Based on the Materials of the Extraordinary Investigation Commission of the Provisional Government of 1917]. (1929). Moscow; Leningrad: Gos. izd. tip. Pechatnyi dvor v Lgr. [In Russian].
19. Spiridovich, A. I. (2004). Velikaia voina i Fevral’skaia revoliutsiia: Vospominaniia [The Great War and the February Revolution: The Memoirs]. Minsk: Harvest. [In Russian].
20. Spirin, L. M. (1977). Krushenie pomeshchich’ikh i burzhuaznykh partii v Rossii (nachalo XX v. — 1920 g.) [The Collapse of the Landlord and Bourgeois Parties in Russia (Beginning of the 20th Century — 1920)]. Moscow: Mysl’. [In Russian].
21. Stepanov, S. A. (1987). Chislennost’ i sostav chernosotennykh soiuzov i organizatsii [The Number and Composition of the Black Hundred Unions and Organizations]. In Politicheskie partii Rossii v period revoliutsii 1905–1907 gg. Kolichestvennyi analiz [Political Parties of Russia During the Revolution of 1905–1907. Quantitative Analysis] (pp. 184–243). Moscow: In-t istorii SSSR. [In Russian].
22. Stepanov, S. A. (1992). Chernaia sotnia v Rossii (1905–1914) [Black Hundred in Russia (1905–1914)]. Moscow: AO Rosvuznauka. [In Russian].
23. Tikhomirov, L. A. (1998). Monarkhicheskaia gosudarstvennost’ [Monarchical Statehood]. Moscow: GUP “Oblizdat”, TOO “Alir”. [In Russian].
24. Sharapov, S. F. (1905). Opyt Russkoi politicheskoi programmy [Experience of the Russian Political Program]. Moscow. [In Russian].
25. Shvarts, A. N. (1994). Moia perepiska so Stolypinym. Moi vospominaniia o Gosudare [My Correspondence with Stolypin. My Memories of the Emperor]. Moscow: Greko-latinskii cabinet. [In Russian].
Review
For citations:
Omeliyanchuk I.V. The Monarchist (Black Hundred) Movement in Russia in 1905–1917. Orthodoxia. 2021;(4):84-108. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.53822/2712-9276-2021-4-84-108
Views:
601
Email this article 